Ulcerative Colitis

Ulcerative colitis is the inflammation of the lining of the large intestine; it affects only the innermost layer of the intestine.¹ It is a chronic, long-lasting disease that causes sores – called ulcers – along the lining of the large intestine. The symptoms that present in ulcerative colitis are similar to those of Crohn’s disease, but they are specific to the large intestine.¹ The most common symptoms are:

• abdominal pain and discomfort
• diarrhea
• the urgent need to have a bowel movement
• fatigue
• weight loss
• nausea, and fever

Cases of ulcerative colitis range from mild to severe. Most patients have moderate symptoms; only about 10% have severe symptoms that are accompanied by frequent, bloody stools.¹ There are complications that can occur due to the progression of this disease which include: rectal bleeding, dehydration and malabsorption, loss of bone density, and inflammation in other areas of the body (joints, skin, eyes, liver). A very rare complication is the development of a toxic megacolon, the extreme swelling and irritation of the colon.¹

The diagnosis of ulcerative colitis is based on physical exam findings, such as abdominal distention or swelling and abdominal tenderness, and tests such as blood, stool, colonoscopy, and flexible sigmoidoscopy (as pictured on the right).¹

This disease can occur at any age, but it is most likely to occur in people between ages 15 and 30, and over the age of 60. It is also more common to develop in people who have a family history of IBD.²

There is no cure for ulcerative colitis. The goal of treatment, however, is to diminish the symptoms. The most common medications include: aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immune modulators, and biological drugs.¹ Surgery is recommended when complications from ulcerative colitis are life-threatening, cancer is presented, or side effects to medications are too hazardous. Common surgery options are proctocolectomy, ileostomy, or ileoanal reservoir. Dietary changes may help patients such as avoiding carbonated drinks, nuts, popcorn, vegetable skins, and high-fiber foods while symptoms are present.² Seek medical attention immediately if you suspect an IBD to receive the proper treatment and prevent complications.

Megacolon

References:

1.  Ulcerative Colitis. https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-topics/digestive-diseases/ulcerative-colitis/Pages/facts.aspx. Accessed October 19, 2016.

2.  Pardi D, Loftus E, Kremers W, et al. Patients with Ulcerative Colitis and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Clinical- Alimentary Tract. 2003;124:889-893.